![]() Although there are some in vitro data suggesting that nitrofurantoin may be a mutagen, a carcinogenic effect has not been proven in vivo. Adverse events that are believed to be due to hypersensitivity include rashes, generalized urticaria, and acute pulmonary reactions. Rarely, hemolytic anemia and hepatitis occur. Polyneuropathy occurs mainly in patients with renal insufficiency, in whom nitrofurantoin is contraindicated. ![]() Harmless gastrointestinal adverse effects are most frequent with nitrofurantoin. Because of the severity of its adverse effects it should not be used as first choice. Nitrofurantoin has been used almost exclusively in the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is almost always resistant.Īfter almost complete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, nitrofurantoin produces high urinary concentrations. It is particularly useful in treating urinary pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species. Nitrofurantoin is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nitrofurans enter bacterial cells and interact with several enzymes thereby inhibiting bacterial growth. Its mechanism of action is not understood. Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic nitrofuran that belongs to a group of organic substances characterized by a heterocyclic ring consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
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